The total population of the three countries regions, in which the valley is divided, is about 15 million people, or about 30% of the total population of the three countries. 3.5 million people live in the Kyrgyz part, 9.5 million in the Uzbek part, and 2.5 million in the Tajik part of the valley.

The majority of the population in the Fergana Valley is still engaged in agriculture. Irrigated lands are cultivated with cotton, rice, and grain crops. There are also numerous orchards, vegetable gardens, melon patches, and vineyards, and the areas of the desert plains are used for year-round grazing of livestock.

With the establishment of national borders, the Fergana Valley region has faced difficulties in terms of trade, transport, and mutual understanding. Currently, transportation routes through the mountains to other regions of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan are being restored, but until recently, communication within the valley was frozen. In the era of the development of various transport projects in Eurasia, the Fergana Valley represents a challenging case. However, in today's conditions of openness and encouragement of interconnectedness, the Fergana Valley could become an important regional hub connecting not only with China but also with Kazakhstan, Iran, and Afghanistan.